Mali’s military government has sought to calm anger over a blockade by Islamist militants on major highways where lorry drivers have been facing ambushes and arson attacks.
In a rare acknowledgement of the seriousness of the situation affecting the landlocked country, Prime Minister Abdoulaye Maïga said the authorities were trying to improve security on the routes.
The blockade – a potentially serious escalation of Mali’s long-running jihadist insurgency – is particularly affecting the supply of fuel, which could cripple the country.
The Sahel region of West Africa is known as the epicentre of global terrorism, accounting for more than 50% of all terrorism-related deaths.
Several analysts say the aim of the al-Qaeda-linked militants is to impose a blockade of the capital, Bamako.
When did it start?
The blockade appears to have started with the kidnapping and subsequent release of six Senegalese lorry drivers along the Dakar-Bamako corridor in early September.
This is not a new tactic by al-Qaeda’s Sahel affiliate – Jama’at Nusrat al-Islam wal-Muslimin (JNIM) – but the scale is increasingly ambitious.
They have imposed a blockade on two key locations: the Kayes region – which serves as the gateway for all food supplies entering from Senegal by road and train, and Nioro-du-Sahel – which sits on the main route linking Mali to Mauritania.
Reports say Islamist fighters have erected checkpoints to restrict the flow of goods and extort “taxes” from traders.
They are said to have torched fuel tankers, lorries and buses, abducted foreign drivers and attacked convoys carrying fuel imports from Senegal and Mauritania.
Entire villages have reportedly been brought to economic standstill, with markets shuttered, transport halted and public services disrupted.
Suspected JNIM militants have also ambushed fuel lorries from Ivory Coast in Bougouni, in Mali’s southern Sikasso region. Several lorries were torched.
“Economic asphyxiation” is the militants’ goal, Mamadou Bodian of Senegal’s Cheikh Anta Diop University told the BBC.
He and others point to a strategic shift by the militants, who no longer rely solely on military confrontation to assert territorial control.
Analysts fear that, if successfully implemented, the embargo announced by JNIM on Kayes and Nioro-du-Sahel could paralyse western Mali.
So far, there is no shortage of fuel in Bamako, however prices have risen by about 10% in places and there has been an increase in the number of electricity cuts.
What does the army say?
The Malian army initially downplayed the blockade, with spokesman Col Souleymane Dembélé dismissing reports of a siege as an “information war orchestrated by foreign media”.
Footage circulating on social media of besieged vehicles on the Dakar-Bamako corridor had been taken out of context, he insisted. ”The video of the bus being set on fire dates from April and has no connection with the so-called blockade.”
According to the army spokesman, “no systemic interruption of transport has been observed” in western Mali and the real challenge facing people in the Kayes region is “the rainy season and not the actions of terrorist groups”.
Col Dembélé also characterised JNIM’s increased activity as “the last gasps of an enemy at bay and in retreat”. It is a refrain often used by Malian officials since the junta seized power five years ago.
Last week, the army said it had conducted an airstrike on a JNIM camp in Mousafa, in Kayes, killing “several dozen militants” and destroying a site allegedly used for logistics and planning.
Reinforcements were sent to Kayes and Nioro-du-Sahel, it said, with the military announcing “hunting and destruction operations” along major roads and a “large-scale offensive” on the Diéma-Nioro corridor.
State media reported that hostages were freed during the operations, but did not say how many.
Such efforts by the army do not appear to have lessened locals’ fears nor the disruption to their lives. Residents report that militant checkpoints remain in place, while transport companies have suspended operations and lorry drivers continue to face intimidation.
Why is this part of Mali so important?
Kayes is said to account for approximately 80% of the country’s gold production, and is also deemed Mali’s “gateway to Senegal”. It is a logistics hub where international trade routes converge.
Mali is a landlocked country heavily dependent on neighbouring ports for fuel, food and manufactured goods, so control of Kayes is essential.
The blockade not only disrupts local life, but directly threatens Bamako’s economic stability.
“The Kayes region has become a major strategic target for JNIM, which considers it a vital space,” says the Dakar-based Timbuktu Institute.
“The jihadists intend to disrupt the country’s supplies, to destabilise, or even suffocate the Malian economy, isolate the capital Bamako and increase economic pressure on the Malian transitional regime,” it says.
The blockade also signals the geographic expansion of JNIM’s insurgency.
Traditionally, the group’s operations have been concentrated in northern and central Mali – in Mopti, Segou and Timbuktu. However, JNIM has in recent years made significant inroads into southern Mali, including Sikasso and Koulikoro regions.
By turning its attention to Kayes, the group is not only widening its footprint but threatening to encircle Bamako.
What else is at stake?
Since 2012, Mali has been in the grip of a profound security crisis fuelled by violence from groups affiliated with al-Qaeda and the Islamic State (IS) organisation, as well as other armed militia.
Local and international media warn that JNIM’s recent isolation of parts of southern Mali could pave the way for similar incursions into neighbouring coastal countries.
The crisis underscores the limits of Mali’s reliance on military force, supported by Russian Africa Corps mercenaries, as the Wagner Group is now known, whose role in operations is not officially acknowledged.
By disrupting trade routes from Senegal and Mauritania, JNIM has shown it can project influence westward, raising fears of an expansion into those countries.
The Union of Senegalese Truckers (URS) blamed militants and described the recent abductions of lorry drivers as a threat to regional trade.
Mali is Senegal’s main African trade partner, accounting for more than $1.4bn (£1bn) in exports last year. The Bamako-Kayes route carries fuel, cement, foodstuffs and manufactured goods critical to both economies.
There is a risk that what began as a tactical disruption may evolve into a prolonged siege, eroding confidence in Malian state institutions and exposing its fragility.
JNIM’s “choice to target buses and tankers is not insignificant – it aims to strike at the heart of Mali’s social and economic mobility”, Bamada.net reported last week.
More than a local flare-up, the siege of Kayes is a warning sign that the jihadist insurgency in Mali has entered a new phase with the repercussions of economic sabotage reaching well beyond Mali’s borders.
